Monarchy
and Human Development
By Antony Carr
How do republics compare with constitutional monarchies in promoting
human welfare? Do constitutional monarchies restrict human development?
Fortunately, there is a reasonably objective way to answer these
questions, courtesy of the UN Human Development Programme. This index
uses three dimensions to measure a country’s average human
development, as follows:
- A long and healthy life,
as measured by life expectancy at birth;
- Knowledge,
as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weight)
and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment
ratio (with one-third weight); and;
- A
decent standard of living, as measured by Gross Domestic Product
per capita expressed in US dollars on a purchasing power parity
basis.The latest index, the index for 2004, lists 177 countries
in order of achievement.
Australia is up near the top, currently in third spot, behind Norway
and Sweden, and ahead of all other countries, including the United
States. Those on the left of the political spectrum may be disturbed
to learn that Australia has steadily moved up the rankings during
the Howard ascendancy.
Here's a list of the top twenty together with their latest Human
Development Index scores. Those countries that happen to be constitutional
monarchies are identified with an asterisk.
1. Norway * 0.956
2. Sweden * 0.946
3. Australia * 0.946
4. Canada * 0.943
5. Netherlands * 0.942
6. Belgium * 0.942
7. Iceland 0.941
8. United States 0.939
9. Japan * 0.938
10. Ireland 0.936
11. Switzerland 0.936
12. United Kingdom * 0.936
13. Finland 0.935
14. Austria 0.934
15. Luxembourg * 0.933
16. France 0.932
17. Denmark * 0.932
18. New Zealand * 0.926
19. Germany 0.925
20. Spain * 0.922
When you examine this list, some very interesting facts emerge.
The top six countries in the index
are all constitutional monarchies, without
exception.
- Seven out
of the top ten countries are constitutional monarchies.
- Twelve
or fully 60% of the top twenty countries are constitutional monarchies.
If we go to the bottom of the list, each one of the bottom twenty
countries is a republic.
Of course, nineteen out of the bottom twenty are in Africa and some
may argue that this merely reflects the situation for blacks generally
throughout the world. There is one notable exception to this general
rule for black-ruled countries however, and that’s Barbados. Barbados is considered ‘highly
developed’ and is ranked 29th. Is it irrelevant that the
highest ranked black-run country in the world also happens to be a constitutional
monarchy?